Determining the Concentration of Calcium Carbonate in an Unknown Substance through the Methods of Titration Aim Essay Example for Free

Determining the Concentration of Calcium Carbonate in an Unknown Substance through the Methods of Titration Aim Essay Determine the concentration of the unknown ethanoic acid solution by titrating with a known concentration of sodium hydroxide Equipment and Materials * Unknown ethanoic acid * 50cm3 burette * 250cm3 Erlenmeyer flask * 100cm3 beaker (for CH3COOH) * 200cm3 beaker (for NaOH) * 100cm3 beaker (for waste) * Standardized sodium hydroxide solution * Burette clamp * Retort stand * Phenolphthalein indicator * 50cm3 graduated cylinder * Distilled water (to rinse the flask) Procedure: To begin with, obtain approximately 200 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Then, set up the retort stand and burette clamp as indicated in the diagram below. Using two 10 cm3 aliquots of the NaOH solution, rinse the burette twice. Next, fill to above the 0.00cm3 mark and drain down to below the 0.00cm3 mark in order to remove any air bubbles. After that, transfer 50 cm3 of the unknown acid into the 250cm3 flask. Into the same flask, place 2 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator. Finally, add sodium hydroxide from the burette until you reach the endpoint. Procedural Notes To accommodate for the sodium hydroxide that splashes to the sides of the flask, distilled water was used. Using the distilled water on the sides of the flask was rinsed down to bring the sodium hydroxide to the rest of the solution in the flask. Also, when dropping a half-drop into the flask, the following procedure was used: First, a half-drop was made at the tip of the burette. Then, using the flask, the half-drop was collected to the flasks side. Finally, using the distilled water, the half-drop was rinsed down to the rest of the solution. To make it easier to recognize the endpoint of the reaction, a white paper was put under the flask. This way, it was easier to see when the solution changed color. Observation (Data Collection): Quantitative Data Measurements Recorded During the Experiment Trial 1 2 3* 4* Initial Burette Reading (ml?0.02ml) 0.20 0.42 0.10 0.23 Final Burette Reading (ml?0.02ml) 45.70 45.93 45.39 45.30 Volume of Ethanoic Acid Used (ml?0.04ml) 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 *To increase the results, trial 3 and 4 was taken from another group to get more data, thereby increasing the accuracy of the data. Qualitative Data Descriptions of the Substances Used and Produced Sodium Hydroxide Clear solution, low viscosity, slippery Ethanoic acid Clear solution, acidic, Phenolphthalein indicator Clear solution, comes in bottle, add as drops Solution Produced (NaCH3COO(aq) + H2O) Clear/pink throughout, trail 4 was the most successful as it was closest to clear than all other trails. Volume of trial 1 was greatest as a lot of water was used in order to wash down the sodium hydroxide stuck to the side of the flask. Data Analysis The neutralization reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethanoic acid is Sodium Hydroxide + Ethanoic acid Sodium Ehthanoate + Water Therefore, the molar ratio is 1 mole of sodium hydroxide to 1 mole of ethanoic acid. Sodium hydroxide is known to have a concentration of 1.003 mol dm-3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.004 mol dm-3. Consequently, the following represents the calculations to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in trial 1: Using similar calculations, the concentration of ethanoic acid for trials 2,3, and 4 were calculated as well. The following table represents the results. Results for the calculations of the concentration of ethanoic acid used in each trial Trial Concentration of CH3COOH / mol dm-3 CH3COOH Uncertainties / % 1 0.913 1.3 2 0.913 1.3 3 0.909 1.3 4 0.904 1.3 Average 0.910 1.3 Conclusion: In conclusion, the result of this lab indicates that the concentration of CH3COOH is 0.910 mol dm-3. Using this value, and the actual value of ethnoic acid, 0.9190 mol dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.0004 mol dm-3, percent error was calculated as follows: With this, we see that the percent of uncertainties is greater than the percent error. The percent of uncertainties represents the random errors, in which the measured value can either be bigger or smaller than the accepted value, due to an imprecise measurement. To improve these random errors, it is necessary to use more precise equipment and/or repeat measurements. One example of this would be to use a pipette instead of a graduated cylinder, especially because ?0.4 cm3 is a relatively large uncertainty. Consequently, the use of such equipment led to the percent of uncertainties being greater than the percent error. This means that the random errors cover for the errors in this lab. However, there are a couple potential systematic errors that should be appointed in this lab. The biggest one would be that it is hard to get to the endpoint, where the solution is barely pink. In all trials, the solution became clear pink. However, it was only in trial 4 that the solution was truly ambiguous to whether it was slightly pink. The difficulty of getting to this ambiguous clear pink is definitely a systematic error as it always leads to a larger volume of sodium hydroxide used to react. One way to improve this may be to perform the lab in a longer time span. When I performed the lab, I felt pressured to get a sufficient amount of trials done within the class period. By stretching the time span of the lab, it may be possible to take more time and get better quality results. A more realistic improvement may be to record measurements more frequently when approaching the endpoint. This would give us two measurements that the endpoint lies within, helping us estimate where the endpoint actually is. However, improving this error would lead to a smaller volume of sodium hydroxide, a smaller value for the concentration of ethanoic acid, which would make the observed value further from the true value. Another systematic error in this lab is the sodium hydroxide splashing to the sides of the flask. Although using water to rinse the sodium hydroxide down was aimed to cover this, another way to improve this may be to use equipment with a wider mouth, such as a beaker, instead of a flask. Once again, improving this error would lead to a greater percent error for the same reasons as the difficulty of getting an ambiguous pink color. Next, although it most likely did not affect the results in this lab, there is a question to whether rinsing the burette two times is sufficient. To improve this, it may be suggested that rinsing the burette 4 times is more sensible, even though it is time consuming. A final systematic error comes when transferring the ethanoic acid from the graduated cylinder. When this happens, some of the ethanoic acid may be retained in the graduated cylinder. This is a systematic error as this always leads to a smaller volume of ethanoic acid than measured. To improve this error, one may pour a tiny bit more than 50 ml of ethanoic acid, and measure that as 50 ml of ethanoic acid. Improving this error leads to a larger volume of ethanoic acid, a lower concentration of ethanoic acid, and once again, an increase in percent error. All in all, it is very interesting how knowing the amount of one substance can help determine the amount of another substance, although it is a topic that appears frequently in chemistry. In this case, knowing the number of moles of sodium hydroxide enabled us to know the concentration of the ethanoic acid. Furthermore, this lab helps one enhance their knowledge on the difficulty of setting up a lab. By reviewing and understanding the errors to a lab, one can relate the improvements to future labs. In a nutshell, this lab exemplified the process of titration, and how useful it can be.

The Temptations. Essay -- essays research papers

The Legends In Life An Artist or group’s talent can be defined by the way the listener is pulled into the music. Writing about fundamental emotions to a compound condition that happened in the past, the artist must grasp the listener and wrap them into a nostalgic trance from the lyrics. The type of lyrics that can convey the reader into the past, present, or future time. The Temptations has mastered this talent. From their time to the present day, the Temptation’s music can still be looked upon in the 21st Century culture. They became soul writers and masters of touching inner emotions that listeners held. The Temptations were a group of individuals that represented their culture in time. The smooth lead vocalist to, to the brawny brick toned baritone, the artist became a great influence to many groups and artist of the coming future. The rhythmic style of The Temptations can be heard in many Rhythm and Blues groups of the past decades. At their time, The Temptations were the group to be, and at present are considered legends in their genre of music. The legends manifested many hit songs that broke cultural barriers. Their songs played in countries where English was not the first spoken language. Thus, are praised as one of, or if not, the greatest soul groups that has ever existed throughout the world. If politics or government were not capable in breaking cultural barriers, the suave songs that many learned to love became a benefactor. As an individual, the songs by The T...

Game and Passage Essay

Great agony of spirit, went into the bright moonshine, mounted his horse and rode off into the world. He met holy hermits of the Vindhya Mountains and talked to them but he was not satisfied. Then he went to the jungle with five disciples and there he gave himself up to fasting and penance. But it brought no sense of truth achieved. Then he gave up fasting and began to feed himself fully. He realized that whatever truth men may reach is best by a nourished brain in a healthy body. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions: a) What did Buddha find? (1) b) What news was brought to him and what was his reaction? (2) c) What desire took hold of him? (1) d) Why did he give up fasting? (1) e) What did he realize? (1) f) Find words from the passage, which are similar in meaning to the following: (2) i. Very bad pain. ii. A strong wish. 2. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Once a famous tennis player was scheduled to play in a championship game with her most formidable rival. At the last minute, she gave the excuse of not feeling well and refused to play. Her reputation was ruined. Until the day of her death, she was regarded as a ‘poor sport’ afraid of defeat. Why is such a high value put on good sportsmanship in the playing games? The games themselves are not so important. No, but the traits a person shows in playing a game, reveal his 3 | P a g e character and breeding. The qualities needed in games are the same needed for decent living, fairness, honour, self control, willingness to abide by the rules, just tempered by restraint and ability to win or lose with good spirit. If you cannot muster up any interest in a game, you had better stay out of it. A half-hearted player who does not keep his mind on the game ,is for ever asking, â€Å"Oh, is it my turn? † and plainly does not care how things turn out, and is an annoyance. The ideal player plays for the fun of playing. He tries to win; yet he is not so eager that he jumps in ahead of his turn or claims victory before the game is over. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions briefly: a) How was the reputation of the famous tennis player ruined? (2) b) How do games reveal a person’s character? (1) c) Which qualities of decent leaving are also needed in games? (2) d). Why should a disinterested player stay out of the game? (1) e) What is on the mind of the ideal player? (1) f) Find words from the passage that are similar in meaning to the following: i) A person who tries to do better than others. ii) An experience or event in which an opponent beats you up. CLASS -VII Reading Passage 1. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Buddha found that all men are unhappy, rich or poor. Wealth brings comfort but no real happiness. While he was in this mood, he came across one of the saints who still performed penance away from the madding crowd. A passionate desire to do likewise took hold of Buddha. Just then the news was brought to him of his firstborn son. â€Å"This is just another tie to break†, said Buddha. At night he awoke in great agony of spirit, went into the bright moonshine, mounted his horse and rode off into the world. He met holy hermits of the Vindhya Mountains and talked to them but he was not satisfied. Then he went to the jungle with five disciples and there he gave himself up to fasting and penance. But it brought no sense of truth achieved. Then he gave up fasting and began to feed himself fully. He realized that whatever truth men may reach is best by a nourished brain in a healthy body. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions: a) What did Buddha find? (1) b) What news was brought to him and what was his reaction? (2) c) What desire took hold of him? (1). d) Why did he give up fasting? (1) e) What did he realize? (1) f) Find words from the passage, which are similar in meaning to the following: (2) i. Very bad pain. ii. A strong wish. 2. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Once a famous tennis player was scheduled to play in a championship game with her most formidable rival. At the last minute, she gave the excuse of not feeling well and refused to play. Her reputation was ruined. Until the day of her death, she was regarded as a ‘poor sport’ afraid of defeat. Why is such a high value put on good sportsmanship in the playing games? The games themselves are not so important. No, but the traits a person shows in playing a game, reveal his 3 | P a g e character and breeding. The qualities needed in games are the same needed for decent living, fairness, honour, self control, willingness to abide by the rules, just tempered by restraint and ability to win or lose with good spirit. If you cannot muster up any interest in a game, you had better stay out of it. A half-hearted player who does not keep his mind on the game ,is for ever asking, â€Å"Oh, is it my turn? † and plainly does not care how things turn out, and is an annoyance. The ideal player plays for the fun of playing. He tries to win; yet he is not so eager that he jumps in ahead of his turn or claims victory before the game is over. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions briefly: a) How was the reputation of the famous tennis player ruined? (2) b) How do games reveal a person’s character? (1) c) Which qualities of decent leaving are also needed in games? (2) d) Why should a disinterested player stay out of the game? (1) e) What is on the mind of the ideal player? (1) f) Find words from the passage that are similar in meaning to the following: i) A person who tries to do better than others. ii) An experience or event in which an opponent beats you up. CLASS -VII Reading Passage 1. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Buddha found that all men are unhappy, rich or poor. Wealth brings comfort but no real happiness. While he was in this mood, he came across one of the saints who still performed penance away from the madding crowd. A passionate desire to do likewise took hold of Buddha. Just then the news was brought to him of his firstborn son. â€Å"This is just another tie to break†, said Buddha. At night he awoke in great agony of spirit, went into the bright moonshine, mounted his horse and rode off into the world. He met holy hermits of the Vindhya Mountains and talked to them but he was not satisfied. Then he went to the jungle with five disciples and there he gave himself up to fasting and penance. But it brought no sense of truth achieved. Then he gave up fasting and began to feed himself fully. He realized that whatever truth men may reach is best by a nourished brain in a healthy body. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions: a) What did Buddha find? (1) b) What news was brought to him and what was his reaction? (2) c) What desire took hold of him? (1). d) Why did he give up fasting? (1) e) What did he realize? (1) f) Find words from the passage, which are similar in meaning to the following: (2) i. Very bad pain. ii. A strong wish. 2. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Once a famous tennis player was scheduled to play in a championship game with her most formidable rival. At the last minute, she gave the excuse of not feeling well and refused to play. Her reputation was ruined. Until the day of her death, she was regarded as a ‘poor sport’ afraid of defeat. Why is such a high value put on good sportsmanship in the playing games? The games themselves are not so important. No, but the traits a person shows in playing a game, reveal his 3 | P a g e character and breeding. The qualities needed in games are the same needed for decent living, fairness, honour, self control, willingness to abide by the rules, just tempered by restraint and ability to win or lose with good spirit. If you cannot muster up any interest in a game, you had better stay out of it. A half-hearted player who does not keep his mind on the game ,is for ever asking, â€Å"Oh, is it my turn? † and plainly does not care how things turn out, and is an annoyance. The ideal player plays for the fun of playing. He tries to win; yet he is not so eager that he jumps in ahead of his turn or claims victory before the game is over. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions briefly: a) How was the reputation of the famous tennis player ruined? (2) b) How do games reveal a person’s character? (1) c) Which qualities of decent leaving are also needed in games? (2) d) Why should a disinterested player stay out of the game? (1) e) What is on the mind of the ideal player? (1) f) Find words from the passage that are similar in meaning to the following: i) A person who tries to do better than others. ii) An experience or event in which an opponent beats you up. CLASS -VII Reading Passage 1. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Buddha found that all men are unhappy, rich or poor. Wealth brings comfort but no real happiness. While he was in this mood, he came across one of the saints who still performed penance away from the madding crowd. A passionate desire to do likewise took hold of Buddha. Just then the news was brought to him of his firstborn son. â€Å"This is just another tie to break†, said Buddha. At night he awoke in great agony of spirit, went into the bright moonshine, mounted his horse and rode off into the world. He met holy hermits of the Vindhya Mountains and talked to them but he was not satisfied. Then he went to the jungle with five disciples and there he gave himself up to fasting and penance. But it brought no sense of truth achieved. Then he gave up fasting and began to feed himself fully. He realized that whatever truth men may reach is best by a nourished brain in a healthy body. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions: a) What did Buddha find? (1) b) What news was brought to him and what was his reaction? (2) c) What desire took hold of him? (1) d) Why did he give up fasting? (1) e) What did he realize? (1) f) Find words from the passage, which are similar in meaning to the following: (2) i. Very bad pain. ii. A strong wish. 2. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Once a famous tennis player was scheduled to play in a championship game with her most formidable rival. At the last minute, she gave the excuse of not feeling well and refused to play. Her reputation was ruined. Until the day of her death, she was regarded as a ‘poor sport’ afraid of defeat. Why is such a high value put on good sportsmanship in the playing games? The games themselves are not so important. No, but the traits a person shows in playing a game, reveal his 3 | P a g e character and breeding. The qualities needed in games are the same needed for decent living, fairness, honour, self control, willingness to abide by the rules, just tempered by restraint and ability to win or lose with good spirit. If you cannot muster up any interest in a game, you had better stay out of it. A half-hearted player who does not keep his mind on the game ,is for ever asking, â€Å"Oh, is it my turn? † and plainly does not care how things turn out, and is an annoyance. The ideal player plays for the fun of playing. He tries to win; yet he is not so eager that he jumps in ahead of his turn or claims victory before the game is over. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions briefly: a) How was the reputation of the famous tennis player ruined? (2) b) How do games reveal a person’s character? (1) c) Which qualities of decent leaving are also needed in games? (2) d) Why should a disinterested player stay out of the game? (1) e) What is on the mind of the ideal player? (1) f) Find words from the passage that are similar in meaning to the following: i) A person who tries to do better than others. ii) An experience or event in which an opponent beats you up. CLASS -VII Reading Passage 1. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Buddha found that all men are unhappy, rich or poor. Wealth brings comfort but no real happiness. While he was in this mood, he came across one of the saints who still performed penance away from the madding crowd. A passionate desire to do likewise took hold of Buddha. Just then the news was brought to him of his firstborn son. â€Å"This is just another tie to break†, said Buddha. At night he awoke in great agony of spirit, went into the bright moonshine, mounted his horse and rode off into the world. He met holy hermits of the Vindhya Mountains and talked to them but he was not satisfied. Then he went to the jungle with five disciples and there he gave himself up to fasting and penance. But it brought no sense of truth achieved. Then he gave up fasting and began to feed himself fully. He realized that whatever truth men may reach is best by a nourished brain in a healthy body. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions: a) What did Buddha find? (1) b) What news was brought to him and what was his reaction? (2) c) What desire took hold of him? (1) d) Why did he give up fasting? (1) e) What did he realize? (1) f) Find words from the passage, which are similar in meaning to the following: (2) i. Very bad pain. ii. A strong wish. 2. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks) Once a famous tennis player was scheduled to play in a championship game with her most formidable rival. At the last minute, she gave the excuse of not feeling well and refused to play. Her reputation was ruined. Until the day of her death, she was regarded as a ‘poor sport’ afraid of defeat. Why is such a high value put on good sportsmanship in the playing games? The games themselves are not so important. No, but the traits a person shows in playing a game, reveal his 3 | P a g e character and breeding. The qualities needed in games are the same needed for decent living, fairness, honour, self control, willingness to abide by the rules, just tempered by restraint and ability to win or lose with good spirit. If you cannot muster up any interest in a game, you had better stay out of it. A half-hearted player who does not keep his mind on the game ,is for ever asking, â€Å"Oh, is it my turn? † and plainly does not care how things turn out, and is an annoyance. The ideal player plays for the fun of playing. He tries to win; yet he is not so eager that he jumps in ahead of his turn or claims victory before the game is over. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions briefly: a) How was the reputation of the famous tennis player ruined? (2) b). How do games reveal a person’s character? (1) c) Which qualities of decent leaving are also needed in games? (2) d) Why should a disinterested player stay out of the game? (1) e) What is on the mind of the ideal player? (1) f) Find words from the passage that are similar in meaning to the following: i) A person who tries to do better than others. ii) An experience or event in which an opponent beats you up.

Education, Poverty, Incarceration, And The Pursuit Of...

Education, Poverty, Incarceration, and the Racial Wealth Gap in America Our constitution states that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.† Are the words of our founding fathers being upheld? If this is truly the essence of our society, why is it so difficult for African Americans to thrive economically, and why is there a prominent, growing wealth gap between white and black Americans? Studies show that there are three fundamental issues contributing to systemic racism and creating the disparity: poor education, workplace discrimination, and judicial inequality. Poor education in high poverty neighborhoods leads to low college attendance and graduation rates, which in turn reduces job prospects and the potential to build wealth. Discrimination during the hiring process and in the workplace is another significant factor; evidence exists demonstrating that resumes with white sounding names receive many more callbacks as those with typically black names, and once a job is secured, there is a notable wage gap between white and black workers. Civil issues such as unequal sentencing and high incarceration rates round out this trifecta. Law enforcement officers tend to arrest, and judges lean towards convicting, African Americans more often than any other racial group. Additionally, once convicted, the sentences are frequently much more harsh.Show MoreRelatedThe Incarcera tion System Of The United States1025 Words   |  5 PagesIndeed, once upon a time the incarceration system was set in place with two firm duties: retribution and rehabilitation. When did these institutions, once considered virtuous and just, become the hallmark of inequality? 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